Federal Government of Somalia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COP28 Report of Somalia’s Delegation

 

 

 

Contents

Introduction. 1

Major tasks in COP 28. 2

Somalia and   the participation of COP 28. 2

Somalia’s Objectives for COP28. 3

Delegation Composition and Roles. 5

Engagement and Contributions  COP28. 5

Contribution to the Discussions from government delegates. 6

Civil Society Contribution. 7

Youth and Children Contribution. 7

Private Sector Contribution. 8

Negotiations. 8

Objective of the Negotiations. 9

Maters related to global stock take. 9

Matters related to Loss and Damage. 10

Matters related to Adaptation. 11

Matters related to mitigation. 11

Matters related to Climate Finance. 12

Declaration. 13

Somalia’s Pavilion. 14

Challenges. 14

Recommendations. 15

Annexes. 15

Annex I: List of Declarations. 15

Annex II- List of side events hosted by the Somalia Pavilion at COP28. 16

Annex III: Bilateral meetings at Somalia office. 18

Annex IV: List  of Somali Negotiators. 22

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

This comprehensive report describes the participation and contributions of the Somali delegation to the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28), held under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). COP28 represents a pivotal conclave in the global agenda, uniting nations, key stakeholders, and eminent scholars in a concerted effort to confront the escalating challenges posed by climate change. In an era marked by the immediate and profound impacts of environmental shifts, the conference emerged as an indispensable forum for fostering collaborative endeavors, negotiating actionable strategies, and propelling forward the collective ambition towards a sustainable and resilient future.

The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took place in Dubai from November 24th to December 12th, 2023, graciously hosted by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). With an unwavering commitment to advancing global efforts against climate change, COP28 convened with a determined focus. This report provides a detailed synthesis of the pivotal discussions and initiatives that unfolded during COP28, spotlighting the imperative to promote rights, empower youth, and confront the multifaceted challenges at the nexus of climate, health, migration, and finance.

The summit brought together more than 70,000 representatives of 200 governments, representing world leaders, technical experts, activists, and people from all walks of life, mainly with the aim of accelerating climate action to fulfill the implementation of the Paris Agreement goals. The conferences feature high-level convergences, complicated and overtime negotiations, side events, exhibitions, workshops and meetings on diverse themes and sectors, and protests.

 

Major tasks in COP 28

1.      Global Stocktake (GST) – First assessment of the collective progress towards achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement in the run-up to NDC updates due in 2025.

2.      Loss and Damage (L&D) Fund – operationalization of the fund, with countries making commitments to provide funding.

3.      Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) – adoption of an ambitious and robust GGA framework.

4.      Mitigation Work Programme – identification of opportunities to increase mitigation ambition in line with the 1.5°C goal of the PA, as well as actionable solutions to help parties implement this increased ambition.

5.      Just transition – agreement on a work programme and its scope.

6.      Article 6 – further operationalize both Art 6.2 and 6.4, and non-market-based mechanisms.

7.      Climate finance – advancement of negotiations on the New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG) for international climate finance post-2025, with a deadline at COP29 in 2024.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Somalia and   the participation of COP 28

 

The Federal Government of Somalia dispatched high-level delegation led by His Excellency Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud the president,  along with senior government officials including His Excellency Deputy Prime Minister Salah, ministers from line minstries including Honorable Ambassador Khadija the minister of Environment and Climate Change,   and Honorables from thirteen line ministries, along with departmental heads and technical experts and some delegates from Federal member states.In addition to that this the COP 28 was the first time that brought togher a bunch of delegates from Civil society, private sectors , academia.

The Ministry of Environment, serving as the vanguard for Somalia’s environmental initiatives, spearheaded the nation’s engagement in this critical dialogue. This report is tailored for the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and valued partners whose support enabled the Somali delegation’s participation, aiming to provide a transparent and detailed account of the delegation’s activities, contributions, and the pivotal engagements that took place during COP28.

COP28 set forth an ambitious agenda, targeting the acceleration of global efforts to mitigate climate change through the establishment of clear objectives, the reinforcement of international cooperation, and the promotion of inclusive dialogue. The conference stood as a testament to the global community’s resolve to advance the implementation of the Paris Agreement, bolster climate resilience, and catalyze the mobilization of necessary financial resources for climate action. Through its deliberations, COP28 sought not only to address the urgent need for heightened global climate action but also to chart a course towards a more equitable and sustainable future.

This report endeavors to encapsulate the essence of Somalia’s involvement in COP28, highlighting the delegation’s strategic engagements, the insights garnered, and the proactive stance adopted by Somalia in the global climate discourse. It reflects our collective commitment to environmental stewardship and our unwavering resolve to contribute meaningfully to the global efforts in combating climate change. As we navigate through the intricacies of global environmental governance, this report stands as a testament to Somalia’s dedication to fostering a climate-resilient future and the pivotal role of international collaboration in achieving these ends.

Somalia’s Objectives for COP28

 

As a nation acutely susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change, Somalia approached the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) with a set of clearly defined priorities and objectives, reflective of its unique environmental challenges and its commitment to contributing meaningfully to the global climate action effort. This section delineates the strategic objectives Somalia aimed to achieve during COP28, underscoring the nation’s proactive stance in navigating the complex landscape of international climate diplomacy.

1.      Highlighting Vulnerability and Advocating for Support

One of the foremost objectives for Somalia was to underscore its vulnerability to climate change impacts, including recurrent droughts, severe flooding, and the encroachment of desertification. These environmental challenges not only threaten Somalia’s ecological balance but also exacerbate socio-economic vulnerabilities, affecting millions of lives and livelihoods. At COP28, Somalia sought to bring these issues to the forefront of the global agenda, advocating for enhanced support in terms of climate finance, technical assistance, and capacity-building measures. The goal was to secure commitment from international partners and institutions to bolster Somalia’s resilience against climate-induced adversities.

2.      Promoting Climate Adaptation and Resilience

Closely tied to the acknowledgment of its vulnerability was Somalia’s objective to advance climate adaptation and resilience strategies. The delegation aimed to highlight ongoing efforts within Somalia to combat climate change effects and to seek partnerships and funding to scale up these adaptation measures. Emphasis was placed on sustainable agriculture practices, water resource management, and the development of infrastructure resilient to climate extremes. Somalia’s participation in COP28 was pivotal in showcasing its commitment to adaptation initiatives and in soliciting the necessary support to expand these efforts.

3.      Enhancing Access to Climate Finance

Recognizing the critical role of financial resources in the fight against climate change, Somalia prioritized the enhancement of access to climate finance. This involved advocating for simplified procedures to access global climate funds, increased allocations for climate-vulnerable countries, and the implementation of mechanisms that ensure transparency and efficiency in the distribution of funds. Somalia aimed to articulate the need for substantial financial support to implement its National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other climate action plans effectively.

4.      Strengthening Global Climate Action and Cooperation

Somalia was committed to not only addressing its climate challenges but also contributing to the global effort to mitigate climate change. The delegation sought to engage actively in negotiations and dialogues to strengthen international climate action, particularly in areas such as renewable energy development, and sustainable land use. By sharing its experiences and challenges, Somalia aimed to foster a spirit of cooperation and collective action, emphasizing the importance of global solidarity in addressing the climate crisis.

5.      Showcasing National Initiatives and Seeking Partnerships

Finally, Somalia aimed to use the COP28 platform to showcase its national initiatives and achievements in the realm of climate action. By presenting its strategies, projects, and successes, Somalia sought to position itself as a proactive player in the global climate landscape, open to partnerships and collaborations. In particular, the presentation of Somalia’s NDCs, outlining a country’s climate change mitigation and adaptation goals under the Paris Agreement, was used a vehicle to explore opportunities for technical collaboration, knowledge exchange, and joint ventures that could enhance Somalia’s climate resilience and contribute to its sustainable development goals.

Somalia’s objectives at COP28 were multifaceted, focusing on both addressing its unique vulnerabilities and actively participating in the global movement towards a more sustainable and climate-resilient future. Through its engagement at COP28, Somalia attempted to secure the necessary support and partnerships to advance its climate action goals, demonstrating its unwavering commitment to overcoming the challenges posed by climate change.

 

Delegation Composition and Roles

 

For the pivotal 28th Conference of Parties (COP28), under the esteemed leadership of His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud, the Federal Government of Somalia meticulously organized a high-level delegation, showcasing the nation’s dedication to addressing climate change and sustainable development. This esteemed delegation included senior government officials such as the Deputy Prime Minister and key ministers from the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MoECC),  and Thirteen Line Ministries and two Authorities, , Delagtes from Ministry of Environment and Climate Change.The inclusion of Director Generals, department heads, and a group of technical experts from various Federal Government Ministries further enriched the delegation, symbolizing Somalia’s comprehensive approach to climate action and its aspirations for sustainable growth.

The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MoECC) took the helm in orchestrating the delegation’s participation, managing all logistical and coordination efforts to foster seamless collaboration among the delegation members. From issuing the initial invitations to coordinating the ministries’ involvement, the MoECC was pivotal in circulating all pertinent information, including event schedules and sessions of particular relevance to each ministry’s domain. This proactive approach ensured that each minister, accompanied by their dedicated staff and technical experts, was fully prepared for their engagements, meetings, and the broader agenda at COP28.

The MoECC established a robust coordination mechanism to guarantee that up-to-date information and logistical support were readily available to all members of the delegation, enabling them to navigate the conference efficiently and effectively. This infrastructure was critical in facilitating Somalia’s active and informed participation throughout the conference.

At the forefront of high-level engagements, President Mohamoud and the Deputy Prime Minister represented Somalia’s interests, participating in all significant events and discussions to underscore Somalia’s dedication to global climate efforts. Meanwhile, the attending ministers and their teams engaged deeply in sessions pertinent to their sectors, fostering dialogue with international partners and counterparts from various countries. This strategic division of roles within the delegation maximized Somalia’s visibility and impact at COP28, showcasing the nation’s multifaceted approach to climate challenges and its eagerness to collaborate on the international stage for sustainable solutions.

Engagement and Contributions COP28

The Somali delegation engaged in a dynamic range of sessions at COP28, spanning critical thematic areas such as adaptation, mitigation, finance, and technology transfer. These sessions provided a platform for the delegation to delve into global discussions on climate change, contributing to a holistic understanding and strategizing of Somalia’s climate action efforts.

The delegation actively participated in discussions cantered on enhancing climate resilience and adopting mitigation strategies. Through sessions like the launch of the (NDC), Somalia showcased its commitment to addressing climate change by outlining specific actions aimed at enhancing climate resilience and promoting sustainable development. Participation in panel discussions focused on climate finance underscored Somalia’s advocacy for equitable and accessible financing mechanisms. These sessions highlighted the necessity of financial structures that prioritize vulnerable communities, ensuring fair and inclusive climate action. The delegation explored opportunities for scaling climate change adaptation action in collaboration with international partners like the World Bank. Emphasizing the significance of direct collaboration, these discussions aimed at creating enabling environments for effective adaptation strategies.

Contribution to the Discussions from government delegates

 

At COP28, the Somali delegation, led by President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and Deputy Prime Minister Mr. Salah Jama, made substantial contributions to the climate change discourse, underlining Somalia’s dedication to climate action and the necessity of international collaboration.

At COP28, various Somali government bodies and officials showcased their commitment to addressing climate change and its impacts. Their engagements underscored Somalia’s proactive approach to climate action and resilience building.

During the conference, Somalia’s President, President Mohamud, emphasized the nation’s dedication to tackling climate change challenges. He highlighted Somalia’s vulnerabilities and efforts in implementing adaptation and mitigation measures. President Mohamud’s discussions with other heads of state aimed to garner increased support for Somalia’s climate resilience initiatives, emphasizing the importance of global cooperation.

Deputy Prime Minister Jama actively participated in events focused on climate action, advocating for equitable financing structures and direct collaboration with the Somali government to empower communities in adapting to climate impacts.

The Ministry of Environment & Climate Change (MoECC), represented by Minister Al-Makhzoumi, demonstrated Somalia’s commitment to addressing climate challenges through various engagements. These included showcasing collaborative efforts to mitigate flood-related challenges and advocating for integrating climate security and gender considerations into Somalia’s climate action plans.

Minister Beenebeene from the Ministry of Planning, Investment, and Economic Development (MoPIED) highlighted Somalia’s sustainable development efforts, including discussions with the World Bank on strengthening development projects and promoting climate-smart public-private partnerships.

Minister Abukar, from the Ministry of Health, emphasized the intersection of health and climate change, advocating for strategies to strengthen healthcare systems’ resilience to climate-related health crises.

Minister Hassan Hussein Mohamed engaged in bilateral discussions with stakeholders, focusing on forestry, rangeland development, and challenges facing pastoralist communities. Collaborations with CIFOR-ICR, UNEP, FAO, and USAID demonstrated Somalia’s commitment to addressing climate issues comprehensively. Additionally, his involvement in initiatives like the FAST Partnership and the NDC Partnership showcased Somalia’s efforts to secure climate finance and promote sustainable development.

Minister Taqal, from the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, advocated for sustainable energy solutions and effective water resource management, engaging in discussions on renewable energy and climate finance mechanisms.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs integrated climate considerations into its work, focusing on skills development and social protection in climate-vulnerable sectors.

Commissioner Moalim, representing the Somali Disaster Management Agency (SoDMA), highlighted Somalia’s proactive approach to disaster risk management, emphasizing the importance of international collaboration in enhancing resilience and disaster preparedness.

Overall, Somalia’s diverse engagements at COP28 underscored the nation’s dedication to addressing climate change and fostering resilience through international cooperation and strategic partnerships.

 

Civil Society Contribution

Civil society members played a pivotal role at COP28, leveraging the global platform to deepen their engagement in climate action discussions and activities. Invited alongside official delegates, these representatives from various non-governmental organizations, advocacy groups, and community-based organizations seized the opportunity to immerse themselves in the diverse array of events unfolding across the conference.

Participating actively in activities hosted at different country pavilions, civil society participants engaged in meaningful dialogues with peers from around the globe, fostering an environment of learning and exchange. This interaction enabled them to gather insights into the innovative climate action strategies and sustainable practices being implemented by nations worldwide. Through workshops, panel discussions, and informal gatherings, civil society members enriched their understanding of global climate efforts, exploring new ideas and approaches to climate resilience and mitigation.

Their presence at COP28 underscored the critical role of civil society in driving forward the climate agenda, advocating for inclusive and equitable climate policies, and amplifying the voices of those most affected by climate change. By engaging with stakeholders from various sectors, civil society representatives contributed to a richer, more diverse discourse on climate action, highlighting the importance of collective efforts and grassroots mobilization in tackling the climate crisis.

Youth and Children Contribution

The participation of youth delegates at COP28, particularly those representing the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change-Somalia, marked a significant stride towards integrating youth perspectives into the global climate dialogue. This engagement provided a unique platform for young activists to engage with a wide spectrum of stakeholders, including global leaders, experts, and other youth passionate about climate action. This opportunity, organized by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Global Centre for Climate Mobility, became a conduit for showcasing the resilience, creativity, and proactive stance of Somali youth in the face of climate challenges.

1. Amplifying Youth Voices for Climate Action: Delivering a poignant speech, a youth delegate highlighted the acute challenges faced by Somali youth due to climate change, including severe droughts, floods, and resource scarcity. This moment underscored the resilience and adaptability of young Somalis, advocating for climate action plans that prioritize youth empowerment, access to renewable energy, and educational opportunities to foster community resilience.
2. Highlighting Youth-Led Solutions: Participation in the panel discussion “Youth-Led Initiatives Combating Climate Change in Somalia” offered a platform to illuminate the impactful contributions of Somali youth in addressing environmental challenges through grassroots initiatives. This engagement emphasized the value of local knowledge and community-driven efforts in crafting sustainable solutions, calling for enhanced support to amplify these vital projects.
3. Fostering Global Youth Collaboration: The conference also facilitated interactions beyond formal discussions, enabling Somali youth delegates to forge connections with global peers. These exchanges revealed the shared challenges and aspirations among youth worldwide, emphasizing the importance of solidarity, mutual learning, and collective action in addressing the climate crisis. Engagements with international youth organizations like YOUNGO and ICAN further expanded the delegates’ perspectives on collaborative climate action and advocacy.

Private Sector Contribution

 

Several members from the private sector, notably those with a focus on humanitarian and development work in post-conflict settings, received invitations to participate in COP28. These organizations, recognized for their pivotal roles in providing critical support during emergency situations, also strive towards the achievement of long-term development objectives. Their work, often at the intersection of environmental sustainability and social welfare, positions them as key contributors to discussions on climate action and resilience-building.

This inclusion reflects a growing recognition of the diverse contributions required to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change, particularly in regions grappling with the dual burdens of post-conflict recovery and environmental vulnerabilities. By integrating these organizations into the global dialogue at COP28, the conference aimed to harness a wide array of expertise and experiences, fostering a collaborative approach to developing and implementing effective climate solutions.

The participation of these specialized entities at COP28 not only underscored the importance of multi-stakeholder engagement in climate discussions but also highlighted the critical need for innovative and adaptive solutions that address both immediate humanitarian needs and long-term developmental goals in the face of climate adversity. Their presence at the conference served as a testament to the indispensable role of the private sector in complementing governmental and international efforts towards climate resilience and sustainable development.

Negotiations

At the heart of the COP28 negotiations was the culmination of the first-ever “global stocktake” under the Paris Agreement and, in particular, what it would say about fossil fuels. The stocktake is a five-yearly process, designed to check progress against Paris goals and inform the next round of national climate pledges, known as nationally-determined contributions (NDCs). The stocktake also calls on countries to contribute to the global tripling of renewable energy capacity and doubling of the rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030. After nearly 30 years, this is the first time a COP decision has explicitly called out all fossil fuels.

In the negotiations, Somalia is a member of the African Group, G77 Plus China, Arab Group, LDCs, together with other negotiating groups  and the government officials conveyed the country’s message to the world community. Four technical sub-committees were formed by the delegation to ensure full involvement in discussion forums on chosen theme areas such as Loss and Damage, Climate Change Adaptation, Mitigation, and Climate Finance. Each sub-committee was comprised of individuals representing several Federal Government Ministries who engaged in technical talks and eventually wrote technical reports addressing topics, discussions, difficulties, and suggestions of their subject areas for decision markers.

The negotiating team was divided into three groups; a group that attends the informal settings (meetings) organized by the LDC group, a group that attends the informal negotiation meetings organized by African Group, and the third group attends the G-77 + China informal meetings. This was necessary as it was impossible to discuss all the various issues in the plenary sessions among all countries. Therefore, groups meet informally to find consensus by preparing, re-framing, re-defining, redrafting and refining the negotiating texts, and each country put his interest forward.

Somali has a group of negotiators which you can find in annex IV

 

Objective of the Negotiations

The objectives of the negotiation sessions that were held during the COP28 were:

1. To review and follow-up the decisions and activities adopted in the previous COPs to ensure the progress of the climate regime towards the ultimate objective.
2. To hear the view of the parties to influence the CMP and CMA proposed decision for implementation of thematic areas in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention and its two agreements (Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol).

Maters related to global stock take

The global stocktake is a process for countries and stakeholders to see where they’re collectively making progress towards meeting the goals of the Paris Climate Change Agreement – and where they’re not.

The outcomes of COP28 underscore the challenges and compromises encountered during the Global Stocktake (GST) negotiations, which serve as a barometer of progress toward the Paris Climate Change Agreement goals. Critical issues included debates between developed and developing nations on action versus financial commitments, historical versus forward-looking responsibilities, and resistance to fossil fuel phaseouts.

Persistent disagreements arose over referencing IPCC reports and incorporating human rights, indigenous rights, traditional knowledge, and gender equality into the final text. While initial revisions showed promise, subsequent drafts appeared to favor the interests of “laggard” nations, heightening tensions.

The COP28 outcome saw progress in defining the gap toward the 1.5°C target but lacked strong language to compel global action. While acknowledging the need to transition away from fossil fuels and boost renewable energy, the text fell short in providing clear directives. The inclusion of transitional fuels like gas highlighted the challenge of consensus on sustainable energy shifts.

Moreover, the outcome lacked direction for aligning Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with the 1.5°C target, potentially stalling progress. Despite acknowledging climate change’s interconnectedness with biodiversity and food systems, the outcome failed to establish a robust framework for immediate global action.

In essence, COP28’s outcomes reveal the complexity of global climate negotiations and the ongoing struggle to reconcile divergent interests amidst the urgent imperative to address the climate crisis.

Top of Form

 

Matters related to Loss and Damage

After extensive negotiations and discussions spanning multiple COP conferences, including COP27 and COP28, the Loss and Damage Fund initiative has finally been approved. This fund is designed to address the losses and damages incurred by climate-related disasters such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, and other extreme weather events. The agreement stipulates that wealthier economies must contribute to the fund in proportion to their role in contributing to climate change.At COP28, crucial decisions were made regarding the operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund. Initially, the fund will be hosted by the World Bank before transitioning into an independent entity under the UNFCCC. A 26-person board, primarily from developing countries, will oversee the allocation of resources from the fund. However, concerns linger regarding the capitalization of the fund and the voluntary nature of support for addressing loss and damage.

Pledges to the Loss and Damage Fund at COP28 amounted to approximately $792 million, covering only a fraction of the estimated $400 billion in losses that developing countries face annually. Notable pledges include $100 million from the United Arab Emirates, as well as contributions from Germany, Italy, France, the US, Japan, and the EU. Despite these pledges, there’s a clear gap between the commitments made and the actual financial needs.The Santiago Network, established at COP25/CMA2, aims to provide technical assistance, knowledge, and resources to vulnerable developing countries dealing with loss and damage associated with climate change effects. The network’s secretariat will be hosted by a consortium of UNDRR and UNOPS, conducting a cost-benefit analysis for regional offices and the headquarters’ location.In terms of governance, the Loss and Damage Fund will initially operate as a financial intermediary fund under the World Bank’s supervision. However, if the Bank fails to meet specified conditions, the board of the fund is empowered to recommend establishing a standalone fund directly reporting to the COP and CMA. Additionally, the Santiago Network’s hosting by UN agencies demonstrates a collaborative effort to address loss and damage issues.While the establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund marks a significant milestone in addressing climate-related challenges, the pledges made at COP28 fall short of the urgent financial needs of developing countries. Moving forward, continued efforts and increased contributions from wealthier nations are essential to effectively address loss and damage and support vulnerable communities impacted by climate change.

 

Matters related to Adaptation

The Adaptation Work Programme within the UNFCCC has been a crucial endeavor to assist countries in adapting to the effects of climate change, ensuring the security of homes and livelihoods from extreme weather events, droughts, and floods. The Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) has played a pivotal role in providing technical guidance and accelerating support to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in formulating and implementing national adaptation plans (NAPs) since its establishment in 2001.

Negotiations surrounding adaptation have revolved around several key topics. Firstly, countries have been focused on implementing national policies and international agreements to address climate change effects. The establishment of the Adaptation Committee (AC) in 2010 aimed to drive global action on adaptation by providing guidance and supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Additionally, discussions have centered on adaptation funding, with the Adaptation Fund established in 2001 to finance adaptation projects in developing country Parties vulnerable to climate change.

During COP28, the Adaptation Work Programme concluded with the adoption of a framework. However, the language concerning finance lacked specificity and did not include specific targets. The outcome included generic mentions of provisions and principles of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The programme outlined four dimensions and seven themes, including water, food, health, ecosystems, infrastructure, poverty eradication, and cultural heritage, with broadly defined targets that are voluntary in nature. The preamble indicated a timeline for theme targets as “by 2030, and progressively beyond,” reflecting indecisiveness in establishing firm timelines.

While the concept of maladaptation avoidance was mentioned, it was among many characteristics that adaptation actions should embody. The text emphasized that efforts to strengthen the Global Goal of Adaptation (GGA) should focus on long-term transformational and incremental adaptation. The Secretariat was tasked with defining and understanding transformational adaptation further. Despite discussions, there was no consensus on adding a new agenda item on the GGA.

In summary, the Adaptation Work Programme at COP28 marked progress in addressing adaptation to climate change, but challenges remain regarding the specificity of finance targets, the inclusion of principles like CBDR-RC and equity, and the definition and understanding of transformational adaptation. Moving forward, continued efforts and collaboration will be necessary to strengthen adaptation measures and support vulnerable communities worldwide.

 

Matters related to mitigation

At COP28, key mitigation policies and responses were proposed to address climate change challenges, particularly focusing on Africa’s energy transition and equitable distribution of renewable energy investments. These proposals aimed to ensure universal and affordable access to energy while advancing sustainable development goals. Specific measures included:

1. Just energy transition: Emphasizing the use of available resources to address energy supply challenges and provide universal access to affordable energy in Africa, with a focus on support and policy space.
2. Tripling of Global Renewable Energy Capacity: Proposals aimed to ensure equitable distribution of renewable energy investments, particularly in regions with historically low receipt of investments, while reducing the cost of financing.
3. Doubling of Energy Efficiency by 2030: Measures included reducing the cost of financing for transitioning to more efficient modern energy technology systems to achieve affordable access to energy for all.
4. Phasing down of Unabated Fossil Fuels: Emphasis was placed on achieving a just, equitable, and orderly phase-down of unabated fossil fuels, with differentiated timeframes for developed and developing countries and preservation of policy space for universal access to energy.
5. Reduction of Methane Emissions: The outcome called for technological support for regions like Africa to reduce methane emissions, considering circumstances where emissions are significant in sectors vital to livelihoods.
6. Support for High Sinks Potential: Measures aimed to support Africa’s land and forestry sector to transition to sustainable land management and resilience systems, aligning with emissions reduction goals and supporting livelihood systems.

 

The outcome of COP28 regarding mitigation included the first Global Stocktake (GST), emphasizing the conservation, protection, and restoration of nature and ecosystems to achieve the Paris Agreement temperature goal. This included efforts to halt and reverse deforestation and forest degradation by 2030, conserve biodiversity, and ensure social and environmental safeguards. In summary, COP28 saw proposals for comprehensive mitigation policies addressing energy transition, renewable energy, fossil fuel phase-down, methane emissions, and response measures. The outcome highlighted the importance of nature conservation and ecosystem restoration in achieving climate goals, underscoring the need for international cooperation and equitable support for all nations, especially those in Africa.

Matters related to Climate Finance

The Focus and Scope of Climate Finance in COP28

 

Climate finance was a significant focus at COP28. The conference addressed the financial assistance needed by developing countries to combat climate change and cope with its impacts. The Financial Mechanism, established by the Convention, aimed to provide funds from developed countries (Annex II Parties) to support developing countries in implementing climate action.

Discussions at COP28 revolved around different approaches to climate finance. Some emphasized risk-sharing strategies that combine public and private funding to encourage support from commercial lenders. Others advocated for increased grants from climate funds like the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to empower developing countries’ national and local institutions and enable direct access to funds.

Reforming multilateral banks and increasing their funding was also a topic of discussion. The operationalization of loss and damage mechanisms and their funding arrangements were central points of consideration. Developed countries were expected to fulfill their commitment to provide $100 billion annually in climate finance, with a greater emphasis on adaptation finance. However, this commitment has often fallen short, and discussions focused on the insufficiency of the $100 billion target.

COP28 aimed to pave the way for the approval of an ambitious New Collective Quantified Goal by the end of 2024. Carbon markets and carbon trading were closely watched areas during the negotiations in Dubai.

Overall, climate finance discussions at COP28 centered on ensuring adequate support for developing countries, exploring innovative funding approaches, addressing funding shortfalls, and advancing international climate goals.

 

key takeaways from COP28 regarding climate finance

1. The gap between needed and delivered adaptation finance is significant. COP28 agreed on the text to put the global goal on adaptation into action, emphasizing the urgency of continuous and enhanced international support for developing countries.
2. Over $85 billion in new financial commitments across all climate areas were mobilized at COP28. However, implementation remains crucial for these commitments to make a tangible impact.
3. Discussions continued on setting a new collective quantified goal on climate finance in 2024, starting from a baseline of $100 billion per year. This goal will inform the design and implementation of national climate plans by 2025.
4. Adequate financial support was reaffirmed as imperative for decarbonization, climate mitigation, adaptation, and achieving net-zero targets. Funding is essential for executing climate projects and meeting global climate objectives.
5. Negotiations on carbon trade and markets aimed to define supervision mechanisms and accounting for different types of credits. No agreement was reached, and discussions on key questions related to permanence of reductions/removals will continue at COP29.

 

Declaration

 

During the World Climate Action Summit, held as part of the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Somalia emerged as a proactive participant in the global effort to combat climate change. The summit brought together nations from around the world to discuss and address the pressing issues related to climate change and its impact on the planet.

Somalia, like many other countries, demonstrated its commitment to addressing the climate crisis by endorsing several declarations and agreements. These declarations aimed to outline targeted actions and strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, adapt to its consequences, and promote sustainable development.

By endorsing these declarations, Somalia joined the international community in acknowledging the urgency of climate action and the need for collaborative efforts to combat global warming. The country recognized the importance of implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect vulnerable ecosystems, and enhance climate resilience.

Somalia’s endorsement of the declarations at the World Climate Action Summit reflects its dedication to prioritizing climate issues and striving for sustainable development. By actively participating in international climate discussions and committing to concrete actions, Somalia is positioning itself as a responsible global citizen, working towards a greener and more sustainable future.

It is expected that Somalia’s commitment to climate action will involve a range of initiatives, such as implementing renewable energy projects, promoting sustainable agriculture practices, improving water resource management, and enhancing climate change education and awareness within the country.

The endorsement of the declarations at the World Climate Action Summit marks an important milestone for Somalia in its journey towards addressing climate change. By joining hands with other nations, Somalia is playing its part in the global fight against climate change, and contributing to the collective efforts to secure a better future for generations to come.

 

List of declarations that Somalia endorse in Annex I

 

Somalia’s Pavilion

Pavilion, covering 48.8 square meters. The Pavilion hosted numerous high-level and side events, coordinated efficiently with national and international institutions. Through formal communication and a rigorous vetting process, 20 side events were approved, aligning with Somalia’s climate and environmental perspectives. The Pavilion’s opening ceremony, attended by President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, marked the beginning of a successful engagement. It attracted 700-800 conference delegates, who learned about Somalia’s environmental challenges and initiatives, deepening their understanding of the nation’s commitment to sustainability. Delegates praised the Pavilion’s operational efficiency and impactful presentation of information, fostering meaningful discussions and raising awareness of Somalia’s environmental efforts among diverse conference participants. See below in annex II the which happened in the Somali pavilion

Challenges

 

1. Managing a diverse delegation across numerous events proved complex, with logistical challenges hindering effective participation.
2. Inconsistent levels of preparedness among delegation members impacted the coherence of Somalia’s engagement.
3. Difficulty in transitioning informal agreements into formal commitments highlighted the need for proactive engagement.
4. Delegates faced challenges in prioritizing sessions, limiting the effectiveness of their participation.
5. Difficulty in transitioning informal agreements into formal commitments highlighted the need for proactive engagement.

Recommendations

1.      Enhanced Coordination: Form a COP-specific task force within the MoECC to streamline delegation logistics, fostering better coordination and communication.

2.      Pre-Conference PreparationsConduct pre-conference workshops and briefing sessions for all delegates, standardizing knowledge and aligning objectives for a unified presence.

3.      Early Engagement for Commitments: Initiate dialogues with potential partners months before the conference to secure formal commitments, ensuring Somalia’s achievements are prominently featured.

4.      Strategic Planning and Guidance: Develop a strategic plan for session participation, focusing on events that align closely with Somalia’s climate action priorities, and provide delegates with clear guidance on maximizing impact.

5.      Somalia needs to finalize the national adaptation documents that are currently ongoing such as the National Adaptation Plan (NAP).

6.      Negotiators must be permanent members and enhance their capacities and the negotiators need to have a clear position; what Somalia would like to get out of the negotiation

7.      To secure annually pavilion which can accommodate a larger audience and facilitate more extensive side events

8.      Federal government of Somalia have to allocate budget to attend like this global conference

9.      As vulnerable country to the impacts of climate change and suffering from repeated losses due to these impacts, Somalia will be a strong candidate in accessing the newly established loss and damage fund.

 

Annexes

Annex I: List of Declarations

 

S/N	Declaration Name
1	COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health
2	Emirates Declaration on Sustainable Agriculture, Resilient Food Systems and Climate Action
3	Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge
5	Mangrove
6	Cooling Pledgee
7	Climate, Relief, Recovery and Peace Declaration

 

Annex II- List of side events hosted by the Somalia Pavilion at COP28

 

Date	Name of Institutions	Title of the event	Time	Size of the audience
12/01/2023	Somali Greenpeace Association and Centre for Climate Change and land Restoration	The Role of Somalia Youth in Climate Action	10:00 AM -11:30 AM	15
12/03/2023	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)	How best to streamline the National Early Warning System?	09:00 AM -10:30 AM	23
12/03/2023	African CSOs Biodiversity Alliance (ACBA)	Towards an effective, Fair and Just Financial Architecture in Addressing   Biodiversity and Climate crisis.	11:00 AM- 12:30 AM	18
12/03/2023	ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability – Africa	Charting a New Development Pathway: Combating the ‘Pandemic of Inequality’ for local level Climate Resilience	02:00 PM- 03:30 PM	31
11/04/2023	Save the Children International, Somalia Country Office	Gender lens & climate finance	9:00-10:00 AM	11
12/04/2023	UN Environment Programme, Ministry of Environment of Haiti, Somali Greenpeace Association, UN Climate Security Mechanism, Adelphi	Climate change, insecurity and mobility in fragile states: A new approach   to climate adaptation and peacebuilding	10:00 AM -11:30 AM	30
12/04/2023	IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC)	The Role of Early Warning to Reduce Climate Related losses in Somalia	13:30hrs-14:30 PM	29
12/04/2023	Marsh McLennan	“It’s Only Natural: Capturing the Economic Value of Nature Based   Solutions”	04:30 – 05:30 PM	16
12/05/2023	Save the Children International, Somalia Country Office	Climate financing to support youth and human capital development	09:00 AM-11:00 AM	14
12/05/2023	Federation of Somali Trade Unions (FESTU)	Just Transition for Somalia: Combating the Climate Crisis through Social Dialogue	11:00 AM – 12 :00 PM	22
12/05/2023	Aw-jama Omar Cultural Research and Reading Centre	Somali Cultural Artifacts – Environmental conservation through  the cultural lens	01:00 AM – 03 :00 PM	25
12/05/2023	Ministry of Environment & Climate Change	MoECC STRATEGIC PLAN 2023-2028 launch	03:15 PM – 04:15 PM	31
12/06/2023	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)	Amplifying impact: online tools for stronger climate action	12:00 PM- 01:00 PM	26
12/06/2023	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)	Quality Adaptation Finance for Smallholders in Africa and Near East	05:00-0600 PM	21
12/07/2023	free day
12/08/2023	UNICEF	CLIMATE RESILIENT SOLUTIONS FOR WASH IN THE HORN OF AFRICA	9:00AM-10:30 AM	20
12/08/2023	FOA	Can Fisheries be an option to address Climate Change? The case of Somalia	11:00- AM 12:30 PM	19
12/08/2023	Save the Children International, Somalia Country Office	Child rights threatened by the Climate Crisis	01:00-03:00 PM	29
11/08/2023	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources	launch report for Juba Basin	4:00pm-5:00pm	28
12/09/2023	Ministry of Youth and Sports	Africa’s youth led Climate initiative in the horn of Africa	01.00 PM – 03.000 PM	14
12/09/2023	Somali Climate Innovation Center and Somalis for sustainability	Somalis and Global south information sharing workshop	03.00 PM – 04.000 PM	13

 

Annex III: Bilateral meetings at Somalia office

No	Date	Topic	Location	Party	Time	Contact	Remarks
1	2/12/2023	President GCF	Somali office	President GCF	14:30-15:30	Qamus	Done
2	4/12/2023	Director of the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health at HQ in Geneva	Somali Office	WHO	10:30- 11:00	Tuane (WHO) & Hamdi, Mohamud Erklo	Cancelled
3	4/12/2023	H.E. Mr. Jama Taqal GCF	Somali Office	H.E. Mr. Jama Taqal GCF	12:00-12:30	Eng Ahmed +252617543459	Done
4	4/12/2023	Food systems advisor OPM is meeting the assistant secretary general who is the global coordinator for scaling Up Nutrition movement To discuss food security and nutrition in Somalia Food systems advisor OPM is meeting the assistant secretary general who is the global coordinator for scaling Up Nutrition movement, To discuss food security and nutrition in Somalia.	Somali Office	Dr Farah Senior Advisor OPM Assistant Secretary General who is the global coordinator for scaling Up Nutrition movement	12:30-13:00	Dr Farah +254700809010	Done
5	4/12/2023	DPM Salad Save the Children	Somali Office	DPM Salad Save the Children	14:30-15:00	Cambe	Done
6	4/12/2023	Ministry of energy and water Resources   The number of the team will be 8 people led by the H.E JAMA Taqal with his counterparties	Somali Office	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources/ Power Africa-USAID	15:00-15:30	+2519155513311 Ismail	Done
7	4/12/2023	The Minister of Health and Human Services Dr Ali Hajji Adam will have a closed-door meeting with FCDO	Somali Office	The Minister of Health and Human Services FCDO Minister Dr Ali Haji	16:00-16:30	Dr Osama Abdi Al +252615833463	Done
8	4/12/2023	Minister Ali Haji UN Assistant Secretary-General Coordinator Scaling Up Nutrition (sun) Movement	Somali Office	Minister Ali Haji UN Assistant Secretary-General Coordinator Scaling Up Nutrition (Sun) Movement	17:00-18:00		Done
9	5/12/2023	UNCCD Director Dg Ahmed Kamal	Somali office	UNCCD Director Dg Ahmed Kamal Hafsa Dr Kahlif	15:00-15:30	Kamal	Done
10	5/12/2023	Assistant Secretary General, Assistant administered and Direct of the Regional Peru of Arab States UNDP,	Somali office	UNDP Minister Khadija MoECC	16:30-17:00	Nabil	Cancelled
11	6/12/2023	African Climate Action Dr Khalif MoEcc	Somali Office	African Climate Action Dr Khalif MoEcc	12:00-13:30	Dr Khalif	Done
12	6/12/2023	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Global Clean Cooking Coalition	Somali Office	Technical meeting between Ministry of Energy and Water Resources And Global Clean Cooking Coalition	13:30-14:00	Eng Abdifatah Abshir +252 618010002	Done
13	7/12/2023	Off Day	Off Day	Off Day	Off Day	Off Day
14	8/12/2023	H.E BeneBene Minister of Planning meeting with LDC International Centre for Development (Capacity Building)	Somali Office	H.E Bene Bene Minister of Planning LDC International Centre for Development	11:00-11:30	Mohamed +252615330859	Done
15	8/12/2023	OPM Office, Dr Farah, Food System with African Union “Nutrition”	Somali Office	OPM Office Dr Farah, Food System African Union	12:00-12:30	Dr Farah	Done
16	8/12/2023	H.E. Ahmed Hassan Aden minister of Fisheries and Blue Economy and FAO Director of Climate Change “Climate Change in the Ocean”	Somali Office	H.E. Ahmed Hassan Aden minister of Fisheries and Blue Economy and FAO Director of Climate Change	12:30-13:00	Najib	Done
17	8/12/2023	Meeting with African Development Bank	AfDB office	AfDB	14:30-15:00	Anthony Nyong, Director of Climate Change and Green Growth Liban	Moved
18	8/12/2023	Meeting with GEF	GEF office, B6 BLDG 66	GEF	13:00-13:45	Jason Spensley, Senior Climate Change Specialist Ladu Lemi, Climate Change Specialist Liban and Najib	Moved
19	8/12/2023	SODMA & Star Network	Somali Office	SODMA & Star Network	14:00-15:00	WAYAKI	Done
20	8/12/2023	Meeting b/w H.E Khadija and IOM Deputy Director	Somali Office	MoECC & IOM	15:00-15:30	Mr. Frantz	Done
21	8/12/2023	H.E Minister Hassan Hussein Mohamed MoLDR CIFOR-ICRAF	Somali Office	Deforestation and rangeland Management	15:45-16:30	Feysal – +254724499915	Done
22	8/12/2023	GCF investment and Africa	Somali Office	MoECC GWPS Executive secretary Africa	16:30-17:00	Executive Direct Alex +27630573688	Done
23	9/12/2023	Bilateral meeting between the HUB Ocean & H.E Minister Khadija HUB Ocean is a non-profit foundation associated with the World Economic Forum (WED) and works in the intersection of industry, science and governments to unlock ocean data.	Somali Office	HUB Ocean	10:00-10:30	Kimberly Mathisen, CEO of HUB Ocean	Liban & Hassan
24	9/12/2023	Minister of Agriculture H.E Madobe Nuno IRELAND Minister of Agriculture, Food and Marine	Somali Office	Courtesy meeting and Future collaboration	12:45-13:30	Matthew Clarke +971504103223	Done
25	9/12/2023	Bilateral meeting between the Collet-Vice Minister for International Cooperation Netherlands & H.E Minister Khadija	Somali Office	Embassy of Netherland & MoECC	13:30-14:00	Mrs. Kenza, Deputy Consul General, Emb. of Netherland UAE	Done
26	9/12/2023	H.E. Minister Hassan Hussein Mohamed MoLDR USA-Aid	Somali Office	Livestock Management	15:30-16:00	Feysal, +254724499915
27	9/12/2023	Minister Hassan Hussein Mohamed MoLDR Save The Children	Somali Office	On going program Livestock sectoral project	17:00-17:30	Feysal, +254724499915
28	10/12/2023	Meeting on potential funds for projects in Somalia	Somali Office	OPM Office and African Development	12:00-12:30	KUKU	Done
29	10/12/2023	Collaborating on data management DG Ahmed and Kamal	Somali Office	DG Ahmed and Kamal	14:00-14:30	Kamal
30	10/12/2023	Bilateral meeting between H.E. minister Khadija and the Danish Embassy.	Somali Office	H.E. minister Khadija Danish Embassy	16:00-17:00	Hamdi	Cancelled

 

 

Annex IV: List of Somali Negotiators

 

 

Somali Group of Negotiators for COP28

 

Adaptation Group of Negotiators

No	Name	Role	Organization
1.	Hafsa Omar Abdilahi (Team leader)	Director of Climate Change Department	Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
2.	Ahmed Keinan (Co leader)	Senior Advisor	Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
3.	Eng Abdifatah	Director	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
4.	Eng Ahmed Mohamed Hassan	Director of Hydrometeorology Dep	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
5.	Nasra Ali Mohamud	Program Adaptation Officer	MOECC/UNDP
6.	Shire Ahmed Musse	Director of Pastoral Development & Resilience	Ministry of livestock forest and range

 

 

Mitigation Group of Negotiators

No	Name	Role	Organization
1.	Dr Badal Ahmed Hassan (Team Leader)	Director of Biodiversity	Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
2.	Eng Abdifatah Abshir Ibrahim	Director of Energy	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
3.	Halima Abdi Farah	public relation	ministry of livestock forest and range
4.	Mohamed Abdiweli Sheikh Yussuf	Technical Advisor	Ministry Of Agriculture and Irrigation
5.	Abdulkadir Abdinur Yusuf	Director of Marine Environment protection department	Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy

 

 

 

 

Loss and Damage Group of Negotiators

 

No	Name	Role	Organization
1.	Mohamoud Mohamed Khadar (Team Leader)	Director of Environmental Governance department	Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
2.	Khadar Sh.Moahmed	Senior Advisor	SODMA
3.	Abdikani Barrow	Advisor	MOECC
4.	Feysal Mohamed Ali	Advisor	Ministry of livestock forest and range
5.	Hassan Haji Ibrahim	Advisor	Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy

 

Climate Finance Group of Negotiators

 

No	Name	Role	Organization
1.	Abdilahi Ahmed (Team Leader)	NDC Coordinator	Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
2.	Abdulrahman Ibrahim Moalim Gedi (Co -leader)	Senior Dept Advisor	Ministry of Finance
3.	Ms. Badra Yusuf Ali	Water Goverannce Expert	Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
4.	Hassan Haji Ibrahim	Senior Policy Advisor	SODMA

 

 

Cross Cutting Group

 

 

Delegates from MoECC of  Federal Member States

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change

Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy

Ministry of livestock forest and range

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

Ministry of Energy and Water Resources

Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs

Ministry of Women and Human Rights

Ministry of Education

Ministry of Health

Ministry of Youth and Sports – FGS

Ministry of Youth and Sports – South West